Within hours of making their move, the Bolsheviks began to hand over land and authority to the ‘soviets’ (or workers’ councils). Under the leadership of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870-1924) - better known by the pseudonym Lenin - they seized power in what was later celebrated as the October Revolution. Months later, as the country’s economy worsened still further amid the chaos, the Bolsheviks, one of several socialist groups demanding radical change, stepped into the void that followed the old regime’s collapse. This set in motion a chain of events that within days would lead to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, and bring an end to the Romanov dynasty, which had ruled Russia since 1613. In March, tens of thousands of striking workers, peasants, and soldiers - exhausted by the privations of the First World War - took to the streets of Petrograd (St Petersburg) in protest. There were two revolutions in Russia in 1917.
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